师叔万万岁
陈昭仪 58831万字 55816人读过 连载
穿越昔日日本（江户东京建筑园）1993年，在东京都立小金井公园内开园的江户东京建筑园是一座户外型博物馆。建筑园占地约7公顷，园中排列着从江户时代到昭和初期的29栋复原建筑物，按年份排列，也就是从1652年到1942年期间的建筑。许多历史建筑物难以在建造的当地保存，却又有着极高的文化价值，建筑园的使命就是将这些历史建筑物按原样移建，并在此基础上进行保存和展示。建筑园是模仿东京都的地形而设计的。东区是商人和手艺人居住的平民区；中心区域是江户时期武士及明治时代以后（1868年～）官员及实业家等人的居住区；西区则再现了田园式的农户居住的武藏野高地。在这种独具匠心设计的园内，不同建筑保持着各自固有的环境氛围，所以在建筑园里散步，不由得产生一种时光倒流的感觉。在茅草屋顶的民宅里，每天都有志愿者在地炉里生火，这样做一方面是用烟熏防止茅草生虫，另一方面使得建筑园的来客追忆起当时的农家生活。当迈入东区平民区，一种奇妙的观光气氛便会大幅增加。之所以产生这种感觉，是因为这里有着明治时代的石造警察局建筑和街灯等物品，还有在商店的货架上摆放着仿制明治时代的商品，这不仅仅是建筑物的再现，也是将当时的生活情景进行再现。这正是江户东京建筑园的一大特征。(摘自網絡)公園內深秋的景色公園內建筑([]
最新章节： 第521章 杨幂 （ 2024-05-09 11:49:01）
更新时间： 2024-05-09 16:49:06
- 第1章 沃尔沃
- 第2章 精英律师
- 第3章 生化危机2重制版
- 第4章 皇冠
- 第5章 雷神
- 第6章 海报
- 第7章 靓号欠28元被销号叶问4
- 第8章 唐探3新预告
- 第9章 凯迪拉克
- 第10章 现金
- 第11章 龙之谷
- 第12章 科比给女儿拍照
- 第13章 西班牙人战平巴萨特朗普变身灭霸
- 第14章 林心如为老公庆生
- 第15章 海底小纵队
- 第16章 做回自己
- 第17章 寻情记
- 第18章 鱼王拍近2亿日元
- 第19章 魏大勋
- 第20章 甄嬛传
- 点击查看 中间隐藏的 91034 章节
- 第549章 生死狙击
- 第550章 伊朗将军被炸瞬间
- 第551章 千与千寻
- 第552章 全职高手
- 第553章 熊出没
- 第554章 情满四合院
- 第555章 精英律师
- 第556章 坦克世界
- 第557章 英超直播
- 第558章 易烊千玺参加军训
- 第559章 爱情公寓
- 第560章 柴达木神奇土星环
- 第561章 金牛座
- 第562章 张咪抗癌成功
- 第563章 万古神帝
- 第564章 守望先锋
- 第565章 两小无猜
- 第566章 解放·终局营救
- 第567章 修真聊天群
- 第568章 校花的贴身高手
重磅福利众筹秀人嫩模
林义心银河下的冰岩小镇 水窝子营地 麦秸岭 向云海进发 倾听银河细语 踏云而行 太白大梁行进 鳌太名导 郭师 领队小高 为什么鳌太？因为它的存在 有一群人，有着同样的鳌太情结，我有幸成为其中一员。感谢上天的眷爱！让我们顺利完成穿越的同时感受到了鳌太的苦和乐；感谢冰岩的悉心组织和向导领队们的敬业护航！感谢队友们的相互鼓励！感谢一路相随的兄弟情！ 鳌太，是对自己信心和决心的检阅，也是对自己体力和装备的全方位考验！一丝不能马虎大意。 轻量化很重要 装备需要能够应对鳌太的各种天气 本次端午鳌太，总行程6天，D4因大雾和暴风雨在南天门草甸营地休整一天。总行程实测徒步移动距离64.2Km，最高实测3673m（因赶路未登顶拔仙台，小有遗憾），总上升6495m，总下降5490m。行程路线示意图 D0，因雨夜宿农家楼房 集合点：陕西省体育中心 领队小山讲解注意事项，队友们自我介绍 到达塘口村村口，小雨，因修路只能搭乘拖拉机 晚饭可在农家解决 D1，塘口村-火烧坡-2900营地-盆景园营地扎营，实测徒步移动距离9.5Km，最高实测3311m，总上升1694m，总下降120m。行程路线示意图 早饭可以在农家解决 粥一碗，饼一个，鸡蛋一个，咸菜自助，好像是10元。自备火腿肠和茶蛋。 抓紧时间休息一下，准备开启战斗模式 领队带领大家热身([]
吴梦梦监制勾引外送员
陈伟义《序》 凌晨两点半，我躺在上海到拉萨的火车上， 此刻，我的心灵得到了彻底的放松.... 面对未知的前路，没有企图，没有欲望， 此刻，一个旅者在路上.....《去西藏》之攻略篇 西藏，很多人向往的地方，2011年9月有机会前往。谨将此行记录，供个人回忆和他人参考。 时间：2011年9月13日----2011年9月29日 地点：以拉萨为中心，东至鲁朗，西至珠峰，北至纳木错。 总结：进藏，无论走川藏，走新藏，走滇藏，需要具备以下几点： 1、一部好车，山高路远，一部好车至关重要。 2、一个好司机，急弯天险，经验丰富的好司机，可以灵活应变。 3、一条好线路，多看攻略，好的线路，可以事半功倍，走更远的路看更美的风景。 4、一个好团队，不是一家人千万别硬靠一家门，不是所有背包的人都是驴，我欣赏喜力家门口贴的那句话，“西服领带莫入”，摆不清个人身份与角色的人，你可以去旅行团。不是所有的“绿皮车”都可以去拉萨，有的“绿皮车”只能做“地铁”。 5、一个好心态，良好的心态很重要，至少不会因为下雨看不到珠峰就怨天尤人。山在那里，看不见峰，你还可以看见云。 西藏之行，我是幸运的。 幸运的是选择了九月，这个晴朗的日子出行；幸运的是选择了好司机，这帮纯朴的藏族汉子，是他们合理地帮我们设计了路线和时间安排，让我们看到了珠峰的全貌；看到了纳木错的晚霞和日照念青唐古拉山；看到了羊卓雍错的静谧和碧玉般的满拉水库.... 幸运的是有一大群关心我的朋友，在我最需要的时候，伸出援助之手。忘不了八一杜鹃花宾馆的次仁；忘不了为了接我们下山，连口水都没有顾得喝的藏族司机次旦；忘不了话虽不多，却掷地有声的平措；还有格桑、次旺，还有很多微笑着的藏族朋友.... 幸运的是我在8264网预定了行者驴舍，忘不了，在行者驴舍那些推开窗子就可以看见布达拉宫的日子....... 我是幸运的，因为有你们..... 既然是攻略篇，那就先来介绍一下我们的车和我们的司机。 我们租用的第一部越野车，丰田巡航舰，驾驶员：格桑罗布。一个非常老实的藏族小伙子，话不多，人实在。 我们去珠峰，去纳木错的越野车和司机师傅：平措。也是一个话不多的藏族师傅，比我们年龄稍大，在路上帮我们设计路线，该赶路的时候赶路，随时拍景观光，时时为我们着想，推荐一下。因为越野车是他本人的，正式的日喀则旅行牌照的丰田越野车，手续齐全。联系电话：13648903219 师傅：平措。他常说，一路上有你，苦一点都愿意！ 照片右边的是八一杜鹃花酒店的索朗次仁，一个年轻热心的藏族小伙子，在我们第一部越野车坏在路上的时候，是他及时安排另外一部越野车前去接应，并且帮我们解决了第二部车子的问，被我们戏称为“林芝及时雨”。 林芝杜鹃花酒店 索朗次仁 联系电话：13989940450 还有一位次旦师傅，在我们最需要的时候，开车去鲁朗接我们下山。次旦师傅是一个健谈的好司机，他可以讲述关于西藏的故事，介绍西藏各个景点的历史给你听。联系电话：13908945750 车型：猎豹。 我们的线路：西藏是个让你忘却了时间的地方，所以，没有必要赶路，走到哪里是哪里。这里到处都是风景。 第一天，预定布宫门票，去哲蚌寺，下午去大昭寺。 第二天，去布宫参观，酸奶坊里泡奶吧，布宫广场晒太阳，拉萨博物馆，八角街溜达，去藏家宴吃藏餐。 第三天，前往鲁朗，途径松赞干布的故乡，中流砥柱，尼洋河，八一，林芝，鲁朗林海，住八一。 第四天，鲁朗游 第五天，八一途径拉萨，住曲水。 第六天 ，曲水经岗巴拉山，看羊湖，满拉水库，卡惹拉冰川，住定日。 第七天，定日，珠峰，日喀则，住日喀则。 第八天，日喀则，尼木，纳木错，住纳木错羊宾馆。 第九天，纳木错返回拉萨。 第十天，拉萨河，八角街转悠，住行者驴舍。 第十一天，拉萨河，色拉寺。住行者驴舍。 第十二天，八角街小寺庙，娘热风情园看藏獒。 第十三天，拉萨火车站，离开拉萨。 我们投宿的地方，还有龙门客栈哦！拉萨入住：行者驴舍 坐落在布宫后面的驴舍，环境适宜驴友。 联系电话：13989905360老板江莉八一入住：杜鹃花宾馆 条件不错 长途免费哦 联系电话：13989940450有困难你可以随时找老板：次仁曲水入住：一个被当地评委文明单位的家庭旅舍，没有名字，是那个小镇上为数不多的旅社，我们忘记了名字，因 为当天晚上电路不好，灯忽闪忽闪的，被我们戏称为“龙门客栈”。只是投宿一晚，为了能及时看见羊湖的日出。白坝入住：成都庄园，一个很干净的小驴舍，老板很干净利索，联系电话：13889020294周先生纳木错入住：羊宾馆很有名的宾馆，中央四台介绍过，电话随处可以找到。 我们的团队既然是攻略篇，那就来说说我们的装备吧： 太阳镜、太阳帽、防晒霜（指数要高一点），护肤霜、润唇膏、湿纸巾（珠峰和纳木错不具备洗漱条件）、洗发水、香皂、牙刷、牙膏、毛巾、卷筒纸、头灯，雨具，水壶、睡袋。 衣服：漂亮妹妹可以随意准备衣服，只是不要忘记带一件轻便羽绒服、冲锋衣。 常备药物： 抗高反药物：红景天，西洋参片、板蓝根冲剂（每天喝，干燥到每天起床氮中带血，鼻腔.），消炎药，感冒药，退烧药，肠胃药，止血贴，复合维生素，牛黄解毒片，润喉片、诺迪康（其实就是藏药红景天）。 带些文具，比如：铅笔、本子、圆珠笔等比较好，这些是路上遇见藏族孩子，给他们的，我在纳木错遇见了一个女孩，她留了一个地址给我，希望我可以邮寄一些书本给她，在后面的游记我会写到。 友情提醒：你可以不买文具，但是千万不要带用过的，或者是坏东西给孩子们，在那蓝天下，面对孩子诚挚的眼睛你的良心会颤抖的。 准备一些纸币零钞，那里不用硬币哦！ 不要担心东西带的不全，衣服带的不够，在拉萨八角街的商家，什么都有卖的，价格也很公道。 2011年9月13日至2011年9月29日徐州西藏自助游（17天）费用清单 交通：4551元（其中：包车2500，硬卧745，软卧1152，打车153）餐费：1061元（早饭管饱，中餐晚餐四菜一汤准）药品：82元 （四人剩余药品全部捐赠色拉寺附近转山藏民）保险：210元 （美亚保险30天）零钱：9元 （寺庙）住宿：635元（四人间、准间、多人间）门票：665元（含珠峰越野车、哲蚌、纳木措、大昭、布宫、羊湖）通讯：25元捐赠：80元（文具60元，喇嘛电话充值20元）（个人）合计：7318元 嗯，准备好了！我们该出发了！千万不要被下面的啤酒和牛奶吓倒了，这是四个人在44小时里的食物，我们是集中采购，这样可以避免浪费！ 好了，啰嗦了这么多！我们出发吧！《去西藏》之二 路上的风景 都说：西藏不在拉萨，西藏不在日喀则，真正的西藏在路上……美景不在前藏，美景也不在后藏，真正的美景在路上…的确如此：美景在路上！凌晨上车，一觉醒来火车已经进入三门峡地区，眼前的河流应该是黄河的支流吧？下雨了，透过车窗看着窗外模糊的风景，心里想，把雨水留在路上吧，祈祷西藏是个大晴天。这里塌方了。桥被大水冲断了。火车驶进了甘肃地界，天开始蓝了，气候也干燥了。这是酒钢集团下属的一个重工基地，好像是在铁路沿线生产钢材的。 从格尔木开始，我们的火车开始进入青藏高原，真正意义上的青藏铁路开始了。 早上近六点的时候，列车停靠在格尔木车站，茫茫大漠只有一轮明月。从这一刻开始，我们的车窗就成了变幻莫测的观景台。([]
国产剧情吴梦梦在线观看
张家新Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
胡蝶谷娱乐中文网
翁雅馨前言 印度，那里是人的森林 印度也被称为“众神与信仰之国” 也被叫做“嘈杂与贫困之囯” 但是，如果那里是天堂，那俺们所在就是地狱吗？ 如果将那里称为地狱，那俺们这里就是天堂了吗？ 不管是天堂抑或是地狱 印度那疙瘩呼唤着你的到来 从一月九日开始【北印度】 瓦拉纳西的恒河、阿格拉的泰姬陵、马图拉的考古学博物馆、德里的喧嚣街头、斋浦尔的风宫、乌代布尔的墙画 到一月二十五日【西印度】 艾哈迈达巴德的贫民区、孟买的海湾、奥兰加巴德的德干城堡、埃洛拉 阿旃陀的石窟群 再二月一日【阿拉伯海西海岸】 果阿海边嬉皮士居留地、科钦的犹太会堂、阿勒皮 奎隆的滞水巡游、特里凡得琅的神庙、科瓦拉姆海滩 然后二月十二日【南印度】根尼亚古马里的阿拉伯海 印度洋 孟加拉湾交汇点、马杜赖的米纳克希神庙、金奈的孟加拉湾海滩 最后二月十七日【东印度】加尔各答的人文 直至三月四日离开去泰国 1月9日清晨长途巴士从尼泊尔边境抵达瓦拉纳西，住在恒河边的家庭旅馆，一个普通间40多元人民币。交通工具就选农用车、人力三轮车，费用很低，大都时候靠步行。吃就当地的甜食和小西食。其间去了贝拿勒斯印度教大学、鹿野苑等等地方，也在恒河沐了浴。。。。。一月十二日的阿格拉的红砂石之堡一月十六日缓缓流淌在马图拉的亚穆纳河一月十八日在新德里的伊斯兰教巴哈伊寺一月二十二日在斋浦尔的宫中嫔妃们用作观赏外面街市的风宫一月二十三日在乌代布尔外面街头墙壁上到处都是的墙画([]
2021年av下马
萧志成我的新浪微薄：不死渔夫也有开了的可以互粉 哈哈不好意思让兄弟们久等了，3号我已经回到了国内今天来深圳看我妹妹 没有想到刚一见面她就告诉我要结婚了！这个让我今天很闷。我妹妹比我小2岁 今年才22 她念的大专所以工作比较早 小学老师妹妹结婚我应该感到高兴，但是从小到大我们也没有怎么在一起过，她跟着我父母生活 我在亲戚家一年也就能见一两次面 有怎么关心照顾过她 也没有给过她什么 总之想起来心里特别难受！现在还只能无力的希望她幸福扯远了先别急着骂我矫情啊改了这么个,但是真的如果没有你们一路上的关心我不会有这么一次旅行。开始的时候我没有想过要在国外也搭车，这是我第一次出国，在出去之前我没有看过任何一本关于这几个国家的书籍，对这几个国家是一无所知，心里很没底。本来想的是搭车到了河内进越南后就坐汽车或者火车什么的，但是没想到会有这么多人关注，然后自己开始为了装逼把写成（从北京搭车去巴厘岛）搭了一半不搭了 以后还怎么在户外圈混啊，所以是骑虎难下！硬着头皮就干了。你们要知道我现在说普通话还湘音十足！我出身在湘西的大山里 高中的课堂上还说的是湘西话，上了大学才开始讲普通话 刚开始去学校的时候很害怕和寝室同学说话！还念到大二就退学了，关于英语 开始在国外的时候常常是自以为很流利的用英语和别人说了一大堆 然后对方总是很无辜的看着我说：Can you speak English? ！！！！！！崩溃！一边走一边学用完了两个笔记本 哈哈哈 现在基本交流OK啦！真的一个在国外挺苦逼 然后每次一上网 我K 就看到这么多兄弟的留言真的是让我感觉不在寂寞！所以就这么坚持走下来了！先总的汇报下这次行程。然后各位高抬贵手再容我慢慢把日记补齐！从北京出发 在云南河口过境进越南、柬埔寨、泰国、马来西亚最后到印度尼亚的巴厘岛，14000多公里 83天时间 花了3700元（3700元不包括最后飞香港的机票和在香港之后的花费）83天是从北京开始到离开巴厘岛那天国内外共搭乘便车53辆 哈哈再给你们1个惊爆的数字：巴厘岛5天6夜花费320元！（当然是人民币啦，其实我也很希望它是英镑或者美金！）国内：41天 花费：1100元 北京出发 经山西太原 平遥 到河南三门峡 洛阳 进湖北武汉 到宜昌后去神农架无人区徒步了4天 出来后坐船过三峡到重庆，重庆火车过贵州到昆明（当时贵州下冻雨 境内的高速全封了所以做了火车） 昆明继续搭车到西双版纳 到景洪后折回国防38线，走 江城 绿春 蒙自到河口 从河口过境进越南 越南：12天 680元+38美金坐船去金边的船费 从古街开始搭车 河内 顺化 会安 芽庄 胡志明市 从胡志明市坐船过境进柬埔寨 柬埔寨：7天270元 坐船到金边后继续搭车 到吴哥窟 吴哥窟到波贝 从波贝过境进泰国 泰国3天 340元 从波贝搭车到曼谷 曼谷后一路南下在 过过境进马来西亚 马来西亚：8天 220元+100元船费到苏门答腊到 搭车到吉隆坡 吉隆坡朋友开车送到马六甲 之后坐船穿过马六甲海峡到印尼苏门答腊岛的杜迈 印度尼西亚：12天 680元+310元雅加达飞巴厘岛机票 从北到南穿过苏门答蜡岛到雅加达 雅加达是这次搭车的终点站 到雅加达之后飞机到巴厘岛 在巴厘岛呆了5天6晚了花了320元 第83天从巴厘岛飞回香港（3700元不包括飞香港的机票） 关于吃住： 睡觉对于我 有一张床就够了，饿了有东西能填饱肚子就行了 国外除了睡大街 住当地人家里 很多时间还是住的青旅 基本上都是20-50元 最贵的是在泰国 400珠一个晚上（经常看到有人说在泰国住的1000一个晚上，觉得很便宜，我不是知道是没把泰铢放在眼里还是没搞清楚人民币和泰铢的汇率 1000珠还便宜！） 最便宜的是在吴哥窟 1美金一个晚上 国内自己做饭的时间比较多，但是经常我每到一个地方总很以最短的时间和当地人混熟 然后理所当然的蹭吃蹭喝，不知道是我的脸皮厚到一定境界了 还是我这一身的土气深深的吸引住了他们。 搭车时也会碰到死机请客吃饭，尤其是在国外，经常被司机请吃大餐！正宗的当地菜，而我每次我也都没有客气，甩开了膀子吃！ 自己一个人时没有去过一次餐厅 在国内外都是吃的几块钱的路边摊，我很喜欢吃路边摊 总觉得那才是当地的最有味道 最好吃的（好吧 我承认 主要是便宜啦） 比如在越南大街上随处都能看到挑着扁担卖小吃的，随叫随停 经常我就蹲在大街上一边吃一边和那些大妈们眉来眼去的瞎比划（说话都听不懂彼此的） 他们看我是老外经常会给我很足的分量 吃的那叫一个爽！很多人觉得路边摊不干净 但是要知道这比在国内去高级餐厅吃地沟油不知道要干净多少陪！ 别人能吃的我们吃是不会死的 一路上都得到很多好心的帮助，在泰国甚至有人送过钱 送过饭 在苏门答腊岛和生活在丛林里的巴达克人一起捕鱼 打猎 磨咖啡 夜晚骑着车去树林看星星 参加独特的森林婚姻PARTY ！！！总之很难忘！！现在有的是时间开聊了我的QQ：2424333142写在出发之前：原本计划4号出发，可我这人实在太懒，被一些很琐碎的事情拖到现在，今天算是勉强凑足了东西也还没来得及和朋友们道别。关于这次行程，全程搭车为主，不会赶时间，随意走，喜欢了会停下来多呆几天，或者做几天义工，基本上是住帐篷，没有特色小吃的地方自己做饭（每个地方似乎都有自己独特的小吃），独自一人。关于我，看书少、见识短的一2B青年，雅号：渔夫 没什么生存技能，所以做了很多志愿者，比如汶川地震、北京奥运会、玉树地震还有些大大小小乱七八糟的等等，至今还挂着北京蓝天求救队青海分队的名分，大二退学，之后跟了一位师傅念了几天经，而后骑车在祖国的大西北漂了一年多了。追逐自由。今年5月份在青海湖边和朋友开了个青年旅舍（天路）和151自行车俱乐部，回顾这**几年，没有什么值得一提的地方，平平碌碌。总之，天亮出发！（还得收拾东西）剩下一段印度、巴基斯坦和新疆得到时看情况了（因为我4月底我要回旅舍），若果这次只到了巴厘岛，明年9月份接着走完。巴厘岛https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12472326-fromuid-33689691.html印度尼西亚雅加达—巴厘岛https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12472290-fromuid-33689691.html印度尼西亚巨港—雅加达https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12472153-fromuid-33689691.html印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛某村子—巨港https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12472078-fromuid-33689691.html苏门答腊岛生活的日子（四）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12435855-fromuid-33689691.html苏门答腊岛生活的日子（三）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12435832-fromuid-33689691.html苏门答腊岛生活的日子（二）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12435822-fromuid-33689691.html苏门答腊岛生活的日子(一）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12435799-fromuid-33689691.html马来西亚—印度尼西亚马六甲—杜迈—苏门答腊岛某个村子https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12435775-fromuid-33689691.html马来西亚吉隆坡—马六甲https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12373524-fromuid-33689691.html马来西亚北海—吉隆坡https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12373500-fromuid-33689691.html泰国—马来西亚某地—北海https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12333635-fromuid-33689691.html泰国曼谷—某地https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12315272-fromuid-33689691.html柬埔寨—泰国暹粒—波贝—曼谷https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12254246-fromuid-33689691.html柬埔寨马德旺—暹粒https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12092382-fromuid-33689691.html柬埔寨金边—马德旺https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12091984-fromuid-33689691.html越南—柬埔寨芽庄—胡志明市—金边https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-12043532-fromuid-33689691.html越南会安--芽庄https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11641567-fromuid-33689691.html越南顺化_会安https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11636342.html越南河内—顺化https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11620935-fromuid-33689691.html越南老街—河内https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11597525-fromuid-33689691.html蒙自—河口https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11566802-fromuid-33689691.html绿春—元阳—蒙自https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11566245-fromuid-33689691.html曼中田—江城—绿春https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11565620-fromuid-33689691.html景洪—普洱—曼中田https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11556467-fromuid-33689691.html被困西双版纳https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11444664-fromuid-33689691.html元江—西双版纳（景洪）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11410528-fromuid-33689691.html昆明—元江https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11410528-fromuid-33689691.html重庆--昆明https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11374955-fromuid-33689691.html宜昌--重庆（水路）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11358900-fromuid-33689691.html神农架无人区穿越第四天https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11356567-fromuid-33689691.html神农架无人区穿越第三天https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11117286-fromuid-33689691.html神农架无人区穿越第二天https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11093350-fromuid-33689691.html神农架无人区穿越第一天（21楼后还有插图）https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11092223-fromuid-33689691.html宜昌--神农架木鱼https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11032604-fromuid-33689691.html武汉--宜昌https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11032358-fromuid-33689691.html信阳--武汉https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11031894-fromuid-33689691.html漯河--信阳https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11029397-fromuid-33689691.html洛阳--平顶山--漯河https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-10944764-fromuid-33689691.html三门峡--洛阳https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-10943917-fromuid-33689691.html平遥--运城--三门峡https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-10915307-fromuid-33689691.html太原--平遥https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-10873306-fromuid-33689691.html涿州--太原https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-10873301-fromuid-33689691.html卢沟桥--涿州https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-10873295-fromuid-33689691.html拜托大家帮帮越南华侨赵和三找找亲人!!!https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-605814-pid-11663703-fromuid-33689691.html我的新浪微薄：不死渔夫也有开了的可以互粉 哈哈我的客栈豆瓣小组：https//www.douban.com/group/304207/搭车旅行豆瓣小组：https//www.douban.com/group/308771/ 卢沟桥--涿州选择从卢沟桥走，不是想恶心你们，我的开始要带着多么悲壮的色彩，因为在北京混了这么几年，没有来过，刚好也可以从这里上京石高速。早上12点出发，公交，地铁，公交再公交，到卢沟桥护已经下午3点多逛了逛古城，今天天气很好，决定在桥上看完日落再出发。城外整齐的放满了两排长长的圆石，每一个上面了都是一段历史的罪证，杜家口高速路收费站，是个较小的入口，进的车不是很多，走过收费站，本想去主路上搭，来来往往的车流吓了我一大跳，还是退回来，在这小岔口等着，刚开始很害怕，很紧张，怎么也没有勇气伸出手，傻站在路边足足有半个小时，一直不断的在心理说服自己华灯初上我的旅程刚刚开始。半个小时过去了，终于还是厚着脸皮伸出了手，过去不到10辆车就有一辆停了下来，兴奋的跑上去，语无伦次的告诉司机大哥我要去的地方。第一次成功搭车，这时天已经全黑下来了，坐在车上眼前全是奔流的车灯，和身后渐渐远去的北京城的灯火，激动又兴奋，也没管张机师傅是否有兴趣听一股脑的将我的行程全说了出来，张师傅倒听的很认真也很用心，期间还表示性的问了几个问，在我的滔滔不绝之后他说你的行程很有意思，很远，很美，可是我只到良乡，只能带走你20几公里。虽然只搭20几公里，但我无比的兴奋，仿佛已经看到了成功，甚至开始幻想着在巴厘岛的沙滩上裸奔！感谢张大哥，第一个搭我车的人！在高速上继续背着包走，一边走一边伸着手，结果肯定是没有一辆车会停下来，走了快一个小时后刚刚的激情不知那去了，有些失落，有些担忧很久没有负重，也没有怎么锻炼，疲惫，疼痛开始席卷开来，撑着身子继续往前走良乡高速入口，晚上9点多钟，走了3公里之后本想从这里下去找个地方扎帐篷，但是还是想试试，原计划今天赶到保定的，和收费员兄弟聊了下，他同意我在这等车没过几辆就有一个去涿州的大哥愿意带我一程。到涿州下上下高速的地方又继续等了一会，收费员妹妹建议我去2公里以外的服务区搭，那里的车比较些，于是又走了两公里到涿州服务区，本想去餐厅问问有没有愿意搭我的司机，可是一时没忍住，大吃了一顿吃完饭后，问了几个司机，似乎晚上都不怎么愿意搭人，愿意搭我的要不就是坐不下了，或者就在下一出口出，听的我很感动！最后还是决定就在这睡一觉，明天再走。涿州服务区，第一天就到这儿。 涿州--太原昨晚一夜机车的轰鸣声，只到天快亮时睡着了会，赖到9点爬起来，全身酸痛无比，洗漱完，准备去加油站搭车，开始新的一天问了很久，车没搭上倒和加油站的这几个哥们扯上了，这样的结果是他们请了我吃了顿很丰盛的午餐，让我不要着急慢慢吃，吃完了他们给我找车这是加油站的工作室里，不让外人进，我就在这里吃完饭，然后烤着火炉等这胖点的哥们给我找车，有点无耻了。让他们给我搭车效果肯定是不用想的，但心里总觉得自己没用，还是想自己试试，结果还是加柴油的那哥们(上图）给我找了辆去太原的货车告别他们，留了电话，说好了回来后去看他们，上车，直奔太原！开车的应该是对父子，刚从北京拉了一车货，我坐在中间，他们对我很客气，一路上没有说上十句，老伯专心的听着他的收音机，大哥开车很专注，很守规则，山西的人是不是都这么实在老实啊？中途在几个服务区休息过几次，到太原已经晚上十一点了，告别父子俩以前无数次路过太原，这次走了进来，不知名的街，不知名的路，背起包，不知道该往那走，这样迷茫的感觉却使我有些小小的兴奋太原也是如此冷，刮着寒风，和北京没有什么区别 走了几个红绿灯，看到一个应急避难场所，过去一看是公园，湖面结了厚厚的一层冰，在周围转了转，找个合适的位置扎帐篷，中午吃了那一顿饭就没有再吃过东西，现在饿的不行了，赶紧搭完帐篷做饭。别人一沙一世界，我这一帐篷一世界倒是真的今天实现了0消费，走了500多公里，是个不错的开始，希望下次还能再实现个倒增长 太原--平遥昨夜5 6级的寒风刮到凌晨4 5点的时候停了，本以为可以安心的睡一会，刚要深入一点，被一声呐喊给震了出来，这晨练的老头老太太们开始了！收拾完东西，问了几个匆匆赶路的上班族平遥怎么走，给我答案都是很统一的，朝着南方走！混在这匆匆的人群里 ，他们忙着生活，我忙着远走，都一样本想坐公交去城外的高速入口，可是看着每一辆车都挤的满满的，还是自己走吧。往南走了好几个红绿灯，大街上赶着上班的人少了很多，突然发现太原的公交很有意思，站台在反方向的右侧，要坐公交必须得过马路到中间位置，这好像告诉你公交也不是随便想坐就坐的，于是我决定很严肃的去坐回公交在高速入口问了几个师傅都很热情的建议我走国道，因为国道去平遥的车较多顺着国道往前走了2 ，3公里，刚好看到路边停着一辆车，司机在车里，上去一问，师傅很爽快的答应带我到祁县，祁县到平遥也就20几公里了。张师傅是部队里的军官，太原人，在祁县上班，一路上给他介绍了下我的行程，他给我说了山西的很多景点，有一句没一句的扯了会，快到乔家大院时，张师傅建议我去看看，本来对这些花钱的景点没有什么兴趣，不过张师傅热情的推荐，再加上“乔家归来不看院”这一句话的怂恿，决定去看看。每次和司机师傅告别的时候总觉得他们的微笑很真，而我也不是敷衍的说句感谢或者再见，这样的感觉很好，像挚友，或者亲人参观完之后我非常肯定乔家归来不看院这句话的真实性，因为这些院什么的实在没什么好看的，看了一个乔家当然不会再想去看第二个了。 但乔家是很牛B的。回国道上搭了不到半个小时，就有一俩QQ停了下来，跑上去准备很激动告诉他我要去的地方，还没有等我开口，司机司机师傅就打开了车门，这师傅也太了解我了吧，这样的情况我还未见过，一般是我打开别人的车门，然后在师傅还由于未决的时候先一屁股坐上去。我还是给他重复了一篇我的话术，师傅您去哪儿，我往平遥方向走，能带我段么？也不知道师傅听没听明白，但我很肯定他的意思是我可以上车刚上车还没等我歇下气来，这师傅又给我来个惊喜，他说，我送你去平遥吧，我一看这大叔不像是能干出这样事儿来的人，于是我心里嘀咕的说了句，我没有没钱， 这句话大叔听的很明白，接下来他说的我也听的很清楚，没钱你坐什么车啊， 一脚猛刹车给我扔在了路边，扬尘而去我们大概走了300米不到，整个过程只是他从提速到刹车，后头看看，离平遥又近了那么几百米，很欣慰这应该会是我搭过最短距离的车最后搭上一辆包工头大哥的车到平遥平遥是如此美丽的古城，安静，敦厚，同样是世界文化遗产，他从容的承载者世界各地的游客，生活一如既往的在每个交错的小巷子里，老城墙下推车卖小吃的大叔从不分是游客还是当地人，这里是几十代人真真实实的生活，如今也依然实实在在的在生活的古城。 西宁有6家青旅，我们是在青海湖边，151景区，有自行车出租的url=https//bbs.8264.com/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=10873022&ptid=605814]2#[/url] 孙大侠 你的头像是凤凰啊，哈哈，我就是那里的人啊 7# raul0756 谢谢关心啊，我退学有各种的原因，呵呵，没有什么好遗憾的，可以叫我渔夫，驴友都这么叫我，，哈哈 11# 祁心 压力好大啊，呵呵，不用心更新就对不起你们了 23# 野山闲妇 谢谢大家关心，刚到洛阳，准备在这里泡两天，随后马上更新，谢谢! 平遥--运城--三门峡在平遥泡了一天，很舍不得走，可是天气越来越冷了，我的衣服和帐篷防寒还不够，越快往南越好起床收拾东西，查好高速入口，把用不上的东西寄掉，虽然是搭车走但每天也必须得走一定的路程，所以多一公斤少一公斤也显的很重要，弄完以后已经到中午1点了，没有公交到高速路附近，我从古城走到了高速入口，本来想在收费站一个个问有没有愿意搭我的司机，可是过了这个收费站有往两个不同方向走的车，这样问起来很麻烦，直接走到走到分岔口搭，基本只要有车愿意停下来的话一定能顺上一段路。这俩兄弟是太原人，在工地上工作，弟弟比我还小一岁，上车后只顾着和我聊天竟然开过了站，又不能倒回去，多走了20几公里，到下一个出口才掉头，搞的我很不好意思。一个县城上高速的车不会很多，很多时候整个入口前后都看不到一辆车，在这样较荒凉的地方，我自然也就成了每辆来往车辆窗外的风景，很多司机是很有好的，比如看到有辆车朝着我要去的方向开过来了，我伸出大拇指，车快到我的跟前的时候放慢了速度，司机放下玻璃，给了我无限的希望，正当我兴奋的准备走过去时，司机这时同样也向我竖起大拇指，然后微笑着从我身边飘然而过，搞的我哭笑不得。等了2个多小时以后，终于有一辆停了下来，还没有等我开口司机先问我要去那里，我说去临汾或者运城，司机一听，说不到，我也没有弄清楚他要去那里，就说了句谢谢。实际上都是同一个方向，而且只有一条道，肯定能同一段路，等司机开走后我就后悔了，不管多远能搭一段是一段，下一段可能去运城的车更多也说不定，当然这是我没有什么搭车经验的原因。错过了这一辆不知道什么时候才会有车再停下来。看看太阳离地平线越来越近，开始有些担心今天会不会搭不上车运气还好过了不一会第二辆车停了下来，这时我已经决定即使只同路一公里我也会搭（到下个高速出口至少也有十几二十多公里），车上两个就是上图这两兄弟，给我带了介休。在介休高速入口等了不到半个小时，带着老婆和女儿回家的张大哥主动停在我面前问我去那里，当时我正在玩相机，没有注意到有车过来，我以为他们也只是到前面不远的地方，没想到可以带我到侯马，离运城只有70几公里了。上车后象征性的问了几句，我可能激动的不知道该说什么好，只能一再表示很感谢，这是我很不好的一点，话很少，不会扯谈。萧瑟的黄土地在西去的落日映射下从窗外飞驰而过，一下子让我觉得搭车是件这么美好的事情！侯马高速入口，晚上7点多钟，收费站只有一个口开着，过去准备问下收费员能不能再这里等车（这必须问，因为有的是不让在这里等车的，车太多会有危险），发现收费员是个女同志，而且很漂亮，本想给她拍张照片，她很害羞的告诉我上班时不能照，于是我就多看了几眼然后收起相机，这几眼看的非常效果，她也没有过问我的意愿就让我站在一边等着，她给我问！（当然我非常情愿的）来车停下来的时候她就带着特别甜蜜的微笑问师傅去那儿，要我是司机看到这么美的收费员，别说让带个人了，就是拉个头猪或者牛什么的都可以，但是可能都没有去运城方向的，过去了好几辆车都没有搭上，我倒不着急。不一会有辆大车开了过来，司机正在打电话，她笑着问了司机好几篇去那，司机没有搭理她，也没有看她一眼，伸着手只管要卡，她的脸刷的一下子就红，把卡扔给司机，狠狠的关上窗户，这小姑娘那受过这委屈啊，我一时愣住了，不知道该上去跟她说还是我自己问，还是去安慰一下，不知道该怎么做，只能傻站在那儿，后面来了好几辆车我也没有心思去注意，就想着怎么走出这个尴尬的场面。当我还在想怎么做的时候她突然非常开心的笑着叫我上车，刚才的委屈和尴尬气氛一下子就没了，当时真不知道对她说什么好！差点就想着不走了。这就是那美女给我拦的王大哥的车，85年在北京当的兵，一听说我也在北京混过，他觉的很亲切，一直就把他从当兵到退伍给我说了个篇，尤其给讲了我很多户外生存的技能，比如扎帐，怎么找吃的之类的，这让我很受教育。一个小时后到了运城高速出入口，本想进去拜拜关二哥，可是时间还早，离三门峡又只有50几公里，要是先去试试，搭不上车就在这里让我意外的是这收费员又是一美女，这下我不好意思了，我就站在那里，什么也没有说，可是她把我叫了过去，问我要去那，我说三门峡，说完我就准备先去上个厕所，这时刚好也来了俩车，我没有问，刚走了两步就听见有人在叫，后头一看是这车副坐上的一位阿姨，小伙子上车吧！想都不用想，是这美女收费员给拦的车，眼里饱满激情的说了好几句谢谢！到黄河的时候大哥停车问我要不要拍张片，就拍了黄河上的栏杆，不知不觉已经过了黄河这是在三门峡高客南站，大哥他们是去接人，还要回去运城，我就跟着他们来到这里，在附近找了个地方扎帐篷这位大哥特别的照顾我，给了我很多人生的建议。三门峡—洛阳天鹅湖，远处的几只天鹅早上9点多起床，在小饭馆里吃了碗面借点热水洗了把脸，老板是个四多岁的大娘，人特别好问寒问暖的，一口准的河南话听着特别温暖。很想学几句。高速入口旁边有个天鹅湖，三门峡南站坐公交到这里很近，下公交后才发现的，看到有几个老太太在路边围观，走过去一看湖里的天鹅还真不少，隐隐的能看见还有很多别的鸟今天只赶到洛阳，1百40多公里，不着急赶路，准备走近点好好看看。翻过高速围栏，有条小路，估计也是经常有人走去过看天鹅的。很靠近天鹅的位置，这个树上经常有鸟停留，树根上全是白色的鸟粪。在这坐了3个多小时，看着它们在我们面前自由的飞来飞去，那一刻我突然才觉得我也自由的，这是旅行开始以来感觉最舒服的时刻。到高速入口等了不到1个小时，就搭上了拉煤回洛阳的这俩位师傅。他这个车有两个床，座位后面有一个，头顶上还有一个。和它们扯累了我还爬上去睡了会。重车开的慢，到洛阳花了4个多小时。这些大车司机走南闯北，见识特别广，各人都和有很多有意思的故事，听他们的故事也成了旅途上最棒的一件事。快过年了，交警们也开始忙活起来了。洛阳的小吃街。在青年宫对面，很好吃，也很便宜。洛阳给我印象是特别的冷！寒风瑟瑟，一片阴暗。从北京出发以后我就没怎么见过太阳，走到哪儿都是阴暗阴暗的，这让我无比怀念大西北的蓝天白云。洛阳停留一天，住的易家青旅。这个古都应该好好看看。洛阳--平顶山--漯河今天是经历过最痛苦、艰难的一天！原本计划还在洛阳呆一天，看看朋友，长风大侠（不好意思，这次没来得及来看你），可是看到南方下雪，所以想赶着去看看，在西北经常能看到下雪，但和南方的雪比起来味道不一样，南方的雪细腻，喜庆隆重，气氛好些。另外也想照片里有点不一样的景色，这一路上要么就是人，要么就是灰蒙蒙的天。1点钟从青旅出来外面刮着大风，开始感觉还很兴奋，又上路了，说不定还能看上雪景。坐公交到离高速最近的地方，然后走了不到2公里，过了收费站，在岔口上等了一会儿就有一辆微型车能把我带到下个服务区。司机大哥50多岁，上车后没有问我什么，也对我不怎么好奇，我也就象征性的问了几句，然后准备给他拍张照片，大哥说不用拍，下次又见不着面了。这是我见过最有个性的师傅。到了服务区帮大哥卸了几箱货，然后他问我要不要带到下个高速入口去等车，我说就在这里等，不用了。这时我才突然发现这个服务区就停了2辆车，很少有进来，风还特别的大在加油站等了快1个小时了，过了几辆车，都没有搭上，决定走到下个高速入口去等。上一高速风更大，估计有6 7级，吹在脸上像刀挂一样，偶尔还能把我吹的稳不住脚，风从衣领一直灌到脚底，衣服里的那点体温很快就没了，冷的我想找个洞钻进去。走了有5公里，到下个高速入口时情况更糟糕，半天不会进来一辆车，进来的也有一半是去反方向的。又等了1个小时，还是没有搭上车，傻站在那里让风吹实在是受不了，手脚全是冰的，脚底已经麻木的没什么感觉了，我忍不住狂吼了好几声。在这个入口机会太少，我又走到高速路上，等了1个多小时，还是没有一辆车停下来，我已经开始有点绝望了，每次看着过往的车辆几乎已经是哀求的眼神了。站着实在太冷，我就在高速路和收费站来回走。走到第4个来回后终于有一辆车停了下来，二话没说我先把包仍了上去，钻进车里。可以给我带到下个服务区汝阳，临走的时候司机大哥给我送了瓶白酒，说能暖和暖和，我也没跟他客气，拿过来先喝了两大口。到汝阳服务区后不一会天就黑了，离洛阳还不到60公里，风还更大了，服务区外面没有一个人，都躲在屋子里，跑到加油站也没管能不能进去，推了门就往里奔。这几个工作人员都挺好，和我一下子聊开了，有车过来加油他们会帮我拦。不巧的是过了很久也没有车来加油，外面到时停的有几辆，我决定过去问问司机，因为车不一定会来加油，直接走的也很多。背起包，顶着风准备一辆辆的去问，就在这里个院子里来回的转，因为每一辆车停下来后，司机一下车就开始跑，很冷风很大，没有人会走的。我也就跟着司机跑，一边跑一边问，他们的回答是一致的迅速，有的甚至还没有听见我说什么，就直接挥手示意拒绝。这到也痛快，我赶下一个问。司机们都很客气的找了各种理由拒绝了我。有几个司机问我去那，可惜都不同方向，爱莫能助。问了1个多小时，我真绝望了。也没有心情再想别的，不问了，就想马上找个暖和的地方躲起来。跑进商店，找了个地方准备放下包休息下，这时走进来了个人，什么也没有说就直接问我吃饭了吗? 我说早上吃了点，然后他就让我把包放在商店，跟他去吃饭，我也没管他是谁，放了包就跟他去了餐厅他们的员工餐，热粥，热豆腐，热馒头。这顿吃的我太温暖了，一下子又看到了希望。吃完饭后坐了会，暖和了很多，说话也清楚，又去外面问了半个多小时，结果还是一样。这是商店的大姐，一直劝我不要走了，就再这里他们给安排地方睡，明天再走。当时感动的一塌糊涂。后面也没有出去问了，就在站门口看看有没有感觉能让我搭的车来。就是带眼睛的这大哥请我吃的饭，他是服务区的经理，对我说的最多的一句话就是：有困难找我。最后有一辆长途大巴经常在他们这吃饭，他们给我拦了那辆车到漯河。大家以后有经过汝阳服务区的替我问候一下他们啊。晚上10点半到漯河高速出口下了车，周围黑漆漆的只有风声，我继续沿着出口，往国道走，国道上到驻马店的车要多很多，不想停下来，没有任何心情去想任何事，就想着一直往前走，不知道前方会有什么，我能看到的是比漆黑更黑的夜。快点12点的时候终于走累了，前面有个公园，准备去那里扎帐篷路过一家小招待所的门口，看见地上扔的有床被子，我检起把被套扔掉，拿了棉被。做完饭又喝几口酒，躺下睡觉。知道情况的肯定不会拒绝，但沟通的机会很少 60# 新华词典 证还没有柬埔寨没有，准备裹过境，你办旅行社的吗? 79# 热带雨雨 哈哈确实蛮巧的，嗯，我们可以做朋友没有想别的啊，明年说不定还能来喝你的喜酒呢b] 75# 想嫁渔夫的MM 对,让搭车旅行也能在我们国家形成风气，大家一起努力！ 78# 两碗豆浆 刚到宜昌在河南多停留了几天随后补上图，正想着穿神农架，有穿过的前辈给点经验啊？是啊，现在下大雪，听说还封山了，穿起来很困难，准备先去了再看情况，谢谢老哥！ 113# 湘西土人 漯河--信阳第一次搭的公交车昨天晚上捡来的小棉被很管用，是我睡的最暖和的一个夜晚，早上起来太阳很好，风不大，经过昨天那一役，今天完全没有了平时的激情，机械式的收拾完东西，对搭车失去了大半的信心，这算是开始后第一个小低潮吧。一直没有吃早餐的习惯，收拾完东西后就直接坐公交去高速入口，已经快十点钟了坐公交的人很少，等了一会我要坐的车来了，车上没几个人，司机师傅看我大包小包的很好奇，让我就坐在他旁边点，问我干嘛的，我一五一十的告诉了他，结果他不要我的钱，说他们多拉一个少拉一个都一样，我也就不再推辞，要司机们都这么想，那得多好！下车时问我要电话，说没事的时候发个短信问我到哪儿了，可惜我现在一直没有用电话。漯河收费站，希望能重拾信心！救护车，以前没有坐过，上车后我还很二的问了司机这是不是房车？ 刚一问完就突然想起看外面明明写着120过了收费站在去往武汉的分叉口找了个合适的位置等车，不太远，太远车子过了收费站后车速快，很多司机本想搭你，可是懒得刹车，太近的话就分不清是要去哪的车，一辆辆问很麻烦。今天的情况像天气一样，一片晴朗，刚没等多久就有好几辆车停下来，可惜都没有去多远，这让我一下又嗨了起来。不到半小时后就搭了这辆救护车，到驻马店。驻马店有南北两个高速入口，我在北入口下的车，当时不知道，等了很久了发现进高速的车很少，而且几乎都是北上郑州方向的，南下的车没几辆，后来一问才只知道南下的车都从南入口进，南入口离这里还有13公里本想找辆车到南入口等，找了很久没有找到，最后我竟然傻B的决定走过去。顺着高速走了13公里。走到南入口的时候太阳已经西下了，刚走的时候还挺高，不知道走了多久，没有手表当时我觉得这么做挺傻的，后来好好一想，也不能老是搭车，累才更能有感觉。驻马店太让我受宠若惊了！南入口的车确实非常多，这让感觉找到组织似的。可是我等了2个小时过去得有一百辆竟然没有一辆停下来过！这个位置这个时候按照常规来说太离谱了，我留意了一下，进的车多，但几乎全都是豫D的牌子（驻马店），后面我看到是豫D的车过来就绝望了，不管什么车。后来一辆高速路养护工人的车给我送到了确山服务区。到确山服务区已经天黑了，这个服务区停的车不多，冷冷清清的，有几辆在加油站，过去问了下都不愿意搭。加油的是两个小姑娘，比我还小1岁，挺可爱的，和我聊了一会，然后她们说给我拦货车，当时这个服务区里的柴油不多了，每辆车加油都是有限制的，开始小姑娘问司机，能不能带个人，司机的意思是如果能多给他们加点儿油就能带我，不多加就不带，最初小姑娘不同意，但问了几辆后都这样，小姑娘没办法就同意司机，多给他们加点油然后带我走知道后我拒绝了她们，我说还是我自己来搭车，谢谢你们。仍很感谢这两个小姑娘素不相识，能如此帮我。最后这位回广西的胡大哥愿意带我一段。信阳--武汉信阳到武汉两百公里，到了武汉以后想搭船到重庆中午12点坐公交到高速入口，就在这个位置等了不到半个小时就搭上了车直接到武汉刚开始司机大哥停在我面前问我去那？我说到武汉，问我能给多少钱，我说我一路是搭便车，对不起没有钱可以给你，司机大哥想了想说那你坐大巴吧，便开走，我正准备拦下一辆的时候，司机大哥又倒了回来叫我上车，带我到武汉。雷大哥去武汉协和医院接个朋友，一路上不停的在打电话，业务真的繁忙，雾很大，车开的也很快，我捏了把汗到武汉一问才知道已经没有直达重庆的船了，都是坐车到宜昌，然后才坐船到重庆。坐公交到黄鹤，门票要80！这对我来说太贵了，没进去在门口看了看，越看我就越来气，干嘛收这么贵的门票，当时我就想下次大家来青海湖，不管有没有住我的店，来找我，我带你们进去，不花钱。户部巷小吃街，挺好吃的，也不贵。说到吃的我特爱吃路边摊，要吃一个地方的特色小吃，够味道的还是当地的那路边摊好，饭店我觉得全国都是一个味道。(大家能我介绍下你们那儿的小吃街或者路边摊吗？这次没有经过的，下次也一定来吃）吃完东西后走了下长江大桥，上面风特别大，下班时间，桥上来往车辆特多，行人匆匆，真有点儿流浪的味道了。借住的朋友家里。武汉--宜昌早上7点钟就起床了，朋友要上班，很久没有起这么早，头昏脑胀的，街上刮着大风，飘着点儿小雪花。高速入口离市区很远，必须坐公交，早上人太多，想等人少了再走，就在大街上漫无目的转着，在一个小区街道里发现这个卖热干面的小店，跟着排队买了3份，特别好吃！2块5一份。汉宜高速入口 到这里的时候快10点钟了。今天运气不错，过了收费站等了十几分钟，这辆大车停了下来，离我还有10几米远，我一看肯定不是因为我停下来的，有之前的经验，不能站着等，我马上跑过去问司机能不能带我一段，问我去那儿，我说到宜昌，他们说太远了，我说那就到荆州吧，没有说话，可能觉得还是有点儿远，我立刻更正说带到我仙桃也行（仙桃到武汉60几公里，到宜昌还有300来公里)两个司机犹豫了一会，最后还是带上了我。和这两位司机大哥应该是聊的最多的，从上车一直聊到我下车还整得依依不舍的，他们说前几年搭车挺好搭的，比现在要好搭多了，路上看到个人拦车都会停下来带一段走，听了我特别的很诧异，但是因为近几年拦路抢劫的特别的多，把这些搭车司机都抢怕了，给我举了很多鲜活的列子，遭遇各种不同的抢法，还尤其是湖南，大车司机都闻风丧胆，听的我特不好意思，一劲的解释说湖南人民特友好的啊。所以现在搭车很难了，谁都不愿意带。不是司机们不善良，是都害怕了。幸亏我长了张娃娃脸，要不然他们刚才也不会搭我。了解我之后，他们给我带到了100多公里以外的毛嘴。他们得从这儿下高速，我只能再另外找车。毛嘴是个很小的镇子，这儿上高速的车特少，但是离潜江市只有13公里，有公交到潜江，问了下收费员说我不能在收费站等车，我就坐公交到了潜江。潜江收费站，这会雪下大了，风也刮的厉害，问了这个收费员，我可以在收费站这儿等车。半个小时后我搭上了去宜昌的车，这位大哥很酷，一路上都听着很嗨的音乐，在雨雪交加雾气腾腾的高速上一路狂飙。很少说话，我就在想着要不要去神农架？看在是平安夜一人煮泡面的份上于是我决定住一次宾馆，开空调60，不开50，我想50都花了还计较10？很久没有住宾馆了，我很兴奋的把所有设施都整了一篇（除了没有拨打美容美发),然后洗了个澡，突然发现自己的样子挺骚的，忍不住就来了张自拍。宜昌--神农架木鱼镇神农架十月份就开始下雪，前几天刚好下场大雪，现在已经封山了，想了很久后还是决定去徒步穿越，冬天徒步其实除了很危险，别的都挺安全的。神农架我是坐车来的，要搭车的话得2 3天，进去的车特别少，不管是什么车几乎是要钱的。在前面花的时间比较多，越南的证有效期只有1个月，我的是1月3号，还有重庆贵州云南没有走，时间对我相当紧迫。就不死磕这段路了。在长途汽车站买票，55元。木鱼镇在林区里，看了好几个徒步攻略都是从这出发，说到攻略，上次看了好几个网友写的青海湖攻略，瞎扯，说不能去湖里洗澡，藏民看到了会把你杀了，要把电池带够，免得掉进沼泽地里打电话联系不上! 夏天我一天没事就跑去湖里来个裸泳，那个沼泽我就看到有辆4500掉进去过！写攻略一定对大家负责！实事求是。木鱼镇现在到处都是宾馆，山庄什么的，很多都着三棵星，四颗星的。银行，酒吧什么的都有，路况也很好，正在修高速。门票贵的离谱，神农顶要140，好不容易爬上去了还得给它们交140块钱！太无耻了。约了小刘一块儿徒步，今天早上去爬了山，在周围转了转，没什么事，上几张图吧。行，下次有贴出来，从出发到现在包括这次去神农架一共花600多了，有点超预算 151# PPY 哇，太好了，到时一定会有很多问请教你，哈哈，不要嫌麻烦啊 163# nkm6857551 哈哈，从神农架出来了！现在到宜昌了，神农架太海了，马上更新，我自己都太佩服我自己了！[b ] 173# 天之驴 哈哈，谢谢，有惊无险，迷路了一天，还是穿出来了，马上更新啊 197# wuping1982 神农架无人区穿越第一天听说你们一直在找我？这次我和小刘（我们在木鱼汇合的）走的是一条相对较容易的路线，但在冬天没有请向导，没有用GPS的情况下算是挑战级的了。一共4天时间，一天山里下大雪，迷路一天，出发时带了11包方便面（出来后还剩下两包），11跟火腿肠和8个饼我们对神农架一无所知，路线是在网上查攻略查出来的，然后看了下谷歌地图，准备不到2个小时的时间就决定了路线大致是彩旗村阿弥陀佛垭老君山 乌龟峡蚂蝗沟 回到彩旗村 这就是小刘同学，大三学生，从绵阳跑来，十一的时候在我店里做义工认识的。早上起来的比较晚，11点才慢吞吞的出发，对这条徒步路线也不清楚，只是知道大概的方位，所以第一天要走到那里我们也不知道在店买刀的时候有位李大爷夏天做过好次向导，和我们聊了一下，然后手绘了一张地图给我们，这张地图帮了我们很大的忙所有知道我们没有请向导去穿越的人都说我们不能去，肯定会迷路，夏天虽然有人走过，但是下雪后把路全盖住了，和没有人走过没有什么区别正所谓无知者无谓，当时我们什么也没有想，就觉得应该可以走出来我们先要走到彩旗村，然后在这个村里再问问当地的人路线，彩旗村到木鱼大概有12公里左右，有公路的，我们从木鱼镇就开始徒步出发了，我们俩都很兴奋，一边走一边大声的唱着歌，对这次行程想象的非常美好！远眺神农坛 门票现在半价，可我觉得还是很贵我们俩的唯一一张合照彩旗村不是我想的那样子，我以为大家都住在一起，事实是他们都分散了住，我们找了公路边最近的一户人家问了下，很巧的是这户人家的大哥夏天时也是做向导，常带队进山，他一再建议我们没有向导不要进，我们找了各种理由说服了他我们可以不用向导的，他这才告诉了我们路线，和之前在木鱼镇上碰到的那位大爷说的一样，大概的路线是，保护站，然后进入无人区，有公路到阿弥陀佛垭，然后就没有路了，接着上老君山，然后穿原始森林，过乌龟峡，再到蚂蟥沟，最后回到保护站（彩旗村还要往前走）和他聊完之后已经快到下午5点了，到保护站还有8公里，我们俩决定今天晚上赶到保护站离开彩旗村没走多远就天黑了，也有小路，但是我们俩不知道，所以就一直沿着公路走，第一天赶了2个多小时夜路保护站旁边住的有户人家，沈大爷家。今晚我们就借宿在他的家里沈大爷今天69岁的高龄，夏天还带过几次队进山，我们又询问了一下他，路线和前位说的都差不多，从沈大爷这我们又得知一个新的信息，就是进山必须要请向导，不然保护站的人不让进，另外还有每人一百元的进山费。我们也没有多想，走了一天，累的很，借了锅煮了三包方便面，这是我们接下来这四天吃的最好的一餐!这个酒要隆重的介绍下，这是沈大爷自己做的，蜂蜜和黄酒和在一起，特别的好喝，有50度，根本喝不出一点度数来，蜂蜜是他自己养的，特别纯，喝完后蜂蜜的香味还能久久留在口中，是我喝过最好喝的酒.([]
爱爱谷成人用品加盟
林怡如走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
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